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Reading assignment:
Chapter 1
(Thibodeau & Patton
Anatomy and Physiology) |
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Key to
Hyperlink Symbols |
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ACT
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Interactive
activity |
GA |
Gray's Anatomy |
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Animation |
pp |
PowerPoint
slide |
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FIG
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Figure |
term |
Define,
pronounce |
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Online preview:
Intro A&P (Parts 1,2,3)
(Previews are found at
WebCT)
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We're going to be
traveling FAST through parts this section
because you should have had some of this in your prerequisite course.
Other sections that you may not be as familiar with have detailed
Mini
Lessons to help you. Make sure to read the Mini Lessons carefully
and bring them with you to class for discussion.
If you need help with this material, let me know! |
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Defining the
subject
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Human Biology -
biological study of humans
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Biology is
study of the nature of living organisms
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Anatomy ("to cut apart")
- study of structure of organisms
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Dissection also
means "to cut apart" and is the primary method of the
anatomist
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Physiology ("words about nature")
- study of function of organisms
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Medieval dissection
Click image to enlarge
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Defining life
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The
approach offered in the textbook lists "characteristics
of life"
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Responsiveness,
conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion,
excretion, circulation, reproduction (please do NOT memorize this list!)
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Unsatisfactory
because it fails to define (it merely describes) and the list does not
apply to all living beings |
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Self-organizing
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Seems to resist
entropy (nature's tendency toward disorder)
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This is the
view taken by Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan in their book What Is
Life?
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Autopoiesis
("self making") refers to life's continual making of itself by
means of metabolism
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Metabolism --
the inter-linked and ongoing chemical reactions of life; body chemistry
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Anabolism-- metabolic reactions that make larger molecules out of smaller
ones
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Catabolism
-- metabolic reactions that make smaller molecules out of larger
ones
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Vladimir Vernadsky says that life is less a thing and more a process
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Vernadsky
said that living organisms are simply special forms of water
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Dorion
Sagan (coauthor of What Is
Life?)
jots a few notes on the meaning of life
for Kevin Patton (right)
Click image to enlarge it |
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Here
is an interesting perspective on what it means to be alive:
". . . living organisms,
including people, are merely tubes which put things in at one end and let
them out at the other, which both keeps them doing it and in the long run
wears them out. So to keep the farce going, the tubes find out ways
of making new tubes, which also put things in at one end and let them out
at the other. At the input end they even develop ganglia of nerves
called brains, with eyes and ears, so that they can more easily scrounge
around for things to swallow. As and when they get enough to eat,
they use up their surplus energy by wiggling in complicated patterns,
making all sorts of noises by blowing air in and out the input hole, and
gathering together in groups to fight with other groups. In time,
the tubes grow such an abundance of attached appliances that they are
hardly recognizable as mere tubes, and they manage to do this in a
staggering variety of forms. There is a vague rule not to eat tubes
of your own form, but in general there is serious competition as to who is
going to be the top type of tube. All this seems marvelously futile,
and yet, when you begin to think about it, it begins to be more marvelous
than futile."
Alan Watts from The
Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are
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The
"scientific method"
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"The
most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that
heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' (I found it!) but
'That's funny ...' "
Isaac Asimov |
History and culture
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Western and
Eastern traditions
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Western
tradition still uses Latin (also with Greek word parts) in terminology
pp
pp
pp
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 Required
Mini Lesson: History and
Culture
Homeostasis
Required
Mini Lesson: Homeostasis
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Take note!
Human body temperature
varies! |
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Carl Wunderlich studied body temperatures of thousands
of people way back in 1868 and pronounced the average
human body temperature (oral) to be 98.6 °F (37.0 °C).
However, in 1992,
P.A. Mackowiak's research team used modern equipment and
techniques and found that the human body temperature
(oral) averages about 98.2 °F (36.8 °C). Here are
their overall results:
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Oral body temp |
°F |
°C |
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Average
temp |
98.2 |
36.8 |
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Upper
limit of normal temp |
99.9 |
37.7 |
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Daily
variability of temp |
0.9 |
0.5 |
Click here to read their summary!
What does this
tell us? That body temperature, and other
physiological variables, are not the same for
everyone and even vary within an individual.
This variability is NORMAL.
NOTE: Even though
Wunderlich's average body temperature has been
revised to a slightly different number by
Mackowiak's more recent work, we usually still use
the older numbers for the sake of discussion--a
"ball park" number--neither average applies to any
particular individual.
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Chaos
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Chaos (as science concept)
is "constrained randomness" |
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Human structure:
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Human function:
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Periodic body functions
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"periodic" means
rhythmic (not
chaotic)
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Example: heart
voltage (EKG) |
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Aperiodic body functions
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"aperiodic" means nonrhythmic
(chaotic)
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Example: heart
rate (HR; beats/min) |
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Change from chaotic to
rhythmic OR change from rhythmic to chaotic
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May be associated with aging,
disease, injury |
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Required
Mini Lesson: Chaos
Levels of Organization
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Atoms
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Smallest unit of a
pure substance (element) that still has properties of the
substance |
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Examples: H
(hydrogen), O (oxygen), C (carbon) |
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Molecules
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Groups of atoms linked
together |
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Examples: H2O
(water), CO2 (carbon dioxide), C6H12O6
(glucose) |
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Organelles
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"Tiny
organs" made up of molecules that have certain functions;
parts of a cell |
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Examples: nucleus,
mitochondrion, plasma membrane of cell |
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Cells
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Smallest unit of a
living organism; made up of organelles
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Examples: muscle cell,
nerve cell, skin cell, blood cell |
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Tissues
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Group of similar cells
together
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"Fabric"
of the body |
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Four groups of tissues
in the human body:
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Epithelial |
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Connective |
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Nerve |
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Muscular |
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Organs
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Discrete structures
made up of more than one kind of tissue |
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Examples: stomach,
heart, lung, bone, skin |
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Systems
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Group of organs that
function together |
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Typical list of human
body systems:
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Organism
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Group of systems
functioning together as a separate individual body |
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Examples: human
individual, tree, squirrel |
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Population
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Group of similar
organisms living together |
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Examples: human
population, tree population, squirrel population |
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Community
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Group of interacting
populations |
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Examples: forest
community (trees, squirrels, foxes), desert community (cacti,
rattlesnakes, armadillos) |
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Ecosystem A
biotic (living)
community and
abiotic (nonliving) features
Abiotic features
include geology, climate, etc.Examples: forest
ecosystem, desert ecosystem |
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Biome
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All similar ecosystems
on earth together |
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Examples: the forest
biome (all forests on earth), the desert biome (all deserts on
earth) |
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Biosphere
(Gaia)
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The whole living layer
around the globe (includes even abiotic features)
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Biosphere concept
developed by the Russian, V. Vernadsky |
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Gaia hypothesis
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Originated with
James Lovelock; further developed by Lynn Margulis |
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Looks at the earth
as a giant living organism (Gaia, named for the ancient Greek
goddess of the earth)
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Characterized
by feedback mechanisms, as in an organism |
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In their book
What Is
Life?, Margulis and Sagan (see
above)
stipulate that the whole biosphere is really one giant
organism and each of us is really a collection of organs of
the whole organism. What do YOU think? |
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In his book (and
film)
An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore discusses global
warming from the biosphere perspective. If you are
familiar with the content, do you
think he uses the concept in a scientifically
appropriate sense? |
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 Gaia
Click to enlarge
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Body cavities, planes, and directions
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These topics will be
covered in A&P 1 Lab (not the lecture course)
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You need to know them,
but I will not test you on them directly
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You'll need them
to understand the rest of the course! |
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Hint
#1: the inside front cover of your textbook has a handy
reference |
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Hint
#2: use the anatomical rosette (compass rose) to check directions on diagrams
throughout the book |
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This Learning Outline may be
updated or improved at any time.
Check back frequently or use the
link to the right to inform you of changes. |
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© 1988-August, 2007 Kevin
Patton
ALL rights
reserved This page updated
08/21/07.
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