╨╧рб▒с>■  ╖╣■   │┤╡╢                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ье┴#` Ё┐╚Оbjbjбб jи├├mї       д$RG╛w╛w╛wPx╠┌xdVYkЕ·JzJzJzJzJzJzJzJzjГlГlГlГlГlГlГeЗh═ЙTlГ╣JzJzJzJzJzlГJzJz%ЕV{V{V{JzJzJzjГV{JzjГV{V{V╛Б@:ВJz>z Р┼$Ьц╟╛wfzj■Б ОВ▄;Е0kЕ В0!К╨z!К:В!К:ВTJzJzV{JzJzJzJzJzlГlГьzjJzJzJzkЕJzJzJzJzVYVYVYDПЪш$ПVYVYVYЪш,@N     Seventh Edition ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Kevin T. Patton, PhD Professor of Life Sciences St. Charles Community College Cottleville, Missouri Gary A. Thibodeau, PhD Chancellor Emeritus and Professor Emeritus of Biology University of WisconsinЧRiver Falls River Falls, Wisconsin MOSBY ELSEVIER MOSBY ELSEVIER 11830 Westline Industrial Drive St. Louis, Missouri 63146 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ISBN-13: 978-0-323-03718-1 ISBN-10: 0-323-03718-6 Copyright й 2007, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1987 by Mosby, an affiliate of Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from ElsevierТs Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804, fax: (+1) 215 239 3805, e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting СCustomer SupportТ and then СObtaining PermissionsТ. NoticeKnowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Authors assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out or related to any use of the material contained in this book.The PublisherISBN-13: 978-0-323-03718-1 ISBN-10: 0-323-03718-6 Executive Editor: Thomas J. Wilhelm Managing Editor: Jeff Downing Associate Developmental Editor: Jennifer Stoces Editorial Assistant: Carlie Bliss Publishing Services Manager: Deborah L. Vogel Senior Project Manager: Steve Ramay Design Manager: Mark Oberkrom Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org ELSEVIER BOOK AID Sabre Foundation International About the Authors Gary Thibodeau has been teaching anatomy and physiology for more than three decades. Since 1975, Anatomy & Physiology has been a logical extension of his interest and commitment to education. GaryТs teaching style encourages active interaction with students, and he uses a wide variety of teaching methodologiesЧa style that has been incorporated into every aspect of this edition. He is considered a pioneer in the introduction of collaborative learning strategies to the teaching of anatomy and physiology. Recent conferral of Emeritus status in the University of Wisconsin System has provided him with additional time to interact with students and teachers across the country and around the world. His focus continues to be successful student-centered learningЧleveraged by text, Web-based, and ancillary teaching materials. Over the years, his success as a teacher has resulted in numerous awards from both students and professional colleagues. Gary is active in numerous professional organizations including the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), The American Association of Anatomists, and the American Association of Clinical Anatomists. His biography is included in numerous publications, including WhoТs Who is America; WhoТs Who in American Education; Outstanding Educators in America; American Men and Women of Science; and WhoТs Who in Medicine and Healthcare. While earning masterТs degrees in both zoology and pharmacology, as well as a PhD in physiology, Gary says that he became Уfascinated by the connectedness of the life sciences.Ф That fascination has led to this editionТs unifying themes that focus on how each concept fits into the УBig PictureФ of the human body. To my parents M.A. Thibodeau and Florence Thibodeau, who had a deep respect for education at all levels and who truly believed that you never give up being a student. To my wife Emogene, an ever-generous and uncommonly discerning critic, for her love, support, and encouragement over the years. To my children Douglas and Beth for making it all worthwhile. Gary A. Thibodeau Kevin Patton has taught anatomy and physiology to high school, community college, and university students from various backgrounds for twenty-five years. This experience has helped him produce a text that will be easier to understand for all students. He has earned several citations for teaching anatomy and physiology and in 1993 was awarded the Missouri GovernorТs Award for Excellence in Teaching. УOne thing IТve learned,Ф says Kevin, Уis that most of us learn scientific concepts more easily when we can see whatТs going on.Ф His talent for using imagery to teach is evident throughout this edition, with its expanded visual resources. KevinТs interest in promoting excellence in teaching anatomy and physiology has led him to take an active role in the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), currently serving as President Emeritus. Like Gary, Kevin found that the work that led him to a PhD in vertebrate anatomy and physiology instilled in him an appreciation for the УBig PictureФ of human structure and function. To my family and friends who never let me forget the joys of discovery, adventure, and good humor. To the many teachers who taught me more by who they were than by what they said. To my students who help me keep the joy of learning fresh and exciting. Kevin T. Patton Contributors We gratefully acknowledge the following individuals for their contributions to this text: ED CALCATERRA, BS, MEd Instructor DeSmet Jesuit High School Creve Coeur, Missouri PAUL KRIEGER, MS Professor of Biology Grand Rapids Community College Grand Rapids, Michigan DANIEL J. MATUSIAK, BS, MA, EdD Adjunct Professor St. Charles Community College IZAK PAUL, PhD Biological Sciences Mount Royal College Calgary, Alberta Reviewers Mohammed Abbas, PhD Wayne County Community College Laura Anderson Elk County Catholic High School Bert Atsma Union County College John Bagdade Northwestern University Brenda Blackwelder Central Piedmont Community College Richard Blonna William Paterson College Claude Boucheix INSERM Charles T. Brown Barton County Community College Laurence Campbell Florida Southern College Roger Carroll University of Tennessee School of Medicine Pattie Clark Abraham Baldwin College Richard Cohen Union County College Harry W. Colvin, Jr. University of CaliforniaЦDavis Dorwin Coy University of North Florida Douglas M. Dearden General College of University of Minnesota Cheryl Donlon Northeast Iowa Community College J. Paul Ellis St. Louis Community College Cammie Emory Bossier Parish Community College Julie Fiez Washington University School of Medicine Debbie Gantz Mississippi Delta Community College Becky Gesler Spalding University Norman Goldstein California State UniversityЦHayward John Goudie Kalamazoo Area Mathematics & Science Center Charles J. Grossman Xavier University Monica L. Hall-Woods St. Charles Community College Rebecca Halyard Clayton State College Ann T. Harmer Orange Coast College Linden C. Haynes Hinds Community College Lois Jane Heller University of Minnesota School of Medicine Lee E. Henderson Prairie View A&M University Paula Holloway Ohio University Julie Hotz-Siville Mt. San Jacinto College Gayle Dranch Insler Adelphi University Patrick Jackson Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College Carolyn Jaslow Rhodes College Gloria El Kammash Wake Technical Community College Murray Kaplan Iowa State University Kathy Kath Henry Ford Hospital School of Radiologic Technology Johanna Krontiris-Litowitz Youngstown State University William Langley Butler County Community College Clifton Lewis Wayne County Community College Jerri Lindsey Tarrant County Junior College Eddie Lunsford Southwestern Community College Bruce Luxon University of Texas Medical Branch Melanie S. MacNeil Brock University Susan Marshall St. Louis University School of Medicine Gary Massaglia Elk County Christian High School Jeff Mellenthin The Methodist Debakey Heart Center Lanette Meyer Regis University/Denver ChildrenТs Hospital Donald Misumi Los Angeles TradeЦTechnical Center Susan Moore New Hampshire Community Technical College Rose Morgan Minot State University Jeremiah Morrissey Washington University School of Medicine Robert Earl Olsen Briar Cliff College Juanelle Pearson Spalding University Carolyn Jean Rivard Fanshawe College of Applied Arts and Technology Mary F. Ruh St. Louis University School of Medicine Jenny Sarver Sarver Chiropractic Henry M. Seidel, MD The Johns Hopkins University School of